Frances Burney

Frances Burney (1752 – 1840), also known as Fanny Burney and after marriage as Madame d’Arblay, was born in King’s Lynn, England, on 13 June 1752, to musical historian Dr. Charles Burney (1726-1814) and Mrs. Esther Sleepe Burney (1725-62). The third of six children, she was self-educated, and began writing what she called her “scribblings” at the age of ten. She married in 1793 at forty-two, to a French exile, General Alexandre D'Arblay. Their only son, Alexander, was born in 1794. After a lengthy writing career, and travels that took her to France for over ten years, she settled in Bath, England, where she died on 6 January 1840.

Frances Burney was a novelist, diarist, and playwright. In total, she wrote four novels, eight plays, one biography, and twenty volumes of journals and letters. In addition to the critical respect she receives for her own writing, she is recognized as a literary precursor to prominent authors who came after her, including Jane Austen and William Makepeace Thackeray. She published her first novel Evelina anonymously in 1778. When its authorship was revealed, it brought her almost immediate fame, due to its unique narrative and comic strengths. She followed with Cecilia in 1782, Camilla in 1796, and The Wanderer in 1814. All of Burney’s novels explore the lives of English aristocrats, and satirize their social pretensions and personal foibles, with an eye to larger questions such as the politics of female identity. With one exception, Burney never succeeded in having her plays performed, largely due to objections from her father who thought that publicity from such an effort would be damaging to her reputation. The exception was Edwy and Elgiva, which unfortunately was not well received by the public and closed after the first night’s performance.

Although her novels were hugely popular during her lifetime, following her death Burney’s reputation as a writer suffered at the hands of biographers and critics who felt that the extensive diaries, published posthumously in 1841, offered a more interesting and accurate portrait of eighteenth century life. Today, however, critics are returning to her novels and plays with a renewed interest in her perspective on the social lives and struggles of women in a predominantly male-oriented culture. Scholars continue to value Burney’s diaries as well, for their candid depictions of eighteenth-century English society[1]

Throughout her career as a writer, her wit and talent for satirical caricatures were widely acknowledged: literary figures such as Dr. Samuel Johnson, Edmund Burke, Hester Thrale, and David Garrick were among her admirers. Her early novels were read and enjoyed by Jane Austen, whose own title Pride and Prejudice derives from the final pages of Cecilia. William Makepeace Thackeray is reported to have drawn on the first person account of the Battle of Waterloo, recorded in her diaries, while writing Vanity Fair[2]

Frances Burney’s early career was deeply affected by her relationship with her father, and by the critical attentions of their family friend Samuel Crisp. Both men encouraged her writing, but also employed their influence in a critical fashion, dissuading her from publishing or performing her dramatic comedies because they felt that to work in the genre was inappropriate for a lady. Many feminist critics thus see her as an author whose natural talent for satire was stifled by the social pressures exerted on female authors of the age.[3] In spite of setbacks however, Burney persisted in writing. When her comedies received criticism, she returned to novel writing, and later tried her hand at tragedies. She supported both herself and her family with the proceeds of her later novels Camilla and The Wanderer. While some early historians derided the “feminine sensibility” of her writing, her fiction is now widely acknowledged for its critical wit and for its deliberate exploration of the lives of women.

Family life
Frances was the third child in a family of six. Her elder siblings were Ester (Hetty) (1749 – 1832) and James (1750 – 1821), the younger Susanna Elizabeth (1755-1800), Charles (1757-1817), and Charlotte Ann (1761-1838). Of her brothers, James became an admiral and sailed with Captain James Cook on his second and third voyages. The younger Charles Burney was a well-known classical scholar. Her younger half sister, Sarah Burney (1772 – 1844) also became a novelist, publishing five works of her own.[4] Esther Sleepe Burney also bore two additional boys, who died at birth.

Recent Burney scholarship, in particular that of Margaret Anne Doody in her text The Life in the Works, has drawn attention to conflicts within the Burney family that affected Frances’ writing and her personal life. The incestuous relationship of James Burney and his half sister Sarah, which resulted in their eloping in 1798 and living together for neaerly five years, was kept from the public, but created a great internal strain on the family.

Frances Burney’s mother, described by historians as a woman of “warmth and intelligence,” was Catholic, the daughter of a French refugee named Dubois. Esther’s French heritage influenced Frances Burney’s self-perception in later life, possibly contributing to her attraction and subsequent marriage to Alexandre D’Arblay. Esther Burney died when Frances was ten years old, in 1762, a loss which Frances felt throughout her life.[5]

Her father, Charles Burney, was respected not only for his personal charm, but also for his talents as a musician, musicologist, composer, and as a man of letters. [6] In 1760 he moved his family to London, a decision that improved their access to the cultured elements of English society and as a consequence, their own social standing as well[7]. They lived in the midst of brilliant social circle that gathered around Charles at their home on Poland Street.

In 1766, Charles Burney eloped in order to marry for a second time, to Elizabeth Allen, the wealthy widow of a King’s Lynn wine merchant. Allen had three children of her own, and several years after the marriage, the two families merged into one. This new domestic situation was unfortunately fraught with tension. The Burney children found their new stepmother overbearing and quick to anger, and they took refuge from the situation by making fun of the woman behind her back. However, their collective unhappiness served in some respects to bring them closer to one another. In 1774, the family moved again, to Newton House, St. Martin’s Street, in Leicester.


[edit] Education
Frances’ sisters Esther and Susanna were favoured over Frances by their father, for what he perceived as their superior attractiveness and intelligence. At the age of eight, Frances had not yet learned the alphabet, and some scholars suggest that Burney suffered from a form of dyslexia. [8] By age of ten, however, she had begun to write for her own amusement. Esther and Susanna were sent by their father to be educated in Paris, while at home Frances educated herself through by reading from the family collection, including Plutarch’s Lives, works by Shakespeare, histories, sermons, poetry, plays, novels, and courtesy books [9]. She drew on this material, along with her journals, when writing her first novels. Scholars who have looked into the extent of Burney’s reading and self-education find a child who was unusually precocious and ambitious, working hard to overcome a childhood disability. [10]

A critical aspect of Frances’ literary education was her relationship with the Burney’s family friend, the “cultivated littérateur” Samuel Crisp. [11] He encouraged Burney’s writing by soliciting frequent journal-letters from her that recounted to him the goings on in her family and social circle in London. Frances paid her first formal visit to Crisp at Chessington Hall in Surrey 1766. Dr. Burney had first made Crisp's acquaintance in about 1745 at the house of Charles Cavendish Fulke Greville. Crisp's play, Virginia, staged by David Garrick in 1754 at the request of the countess of Coventry (née Maria Gunning), had been unsuccessful, and Crisp had retired to Chessington Hall, where he frequently entertained Dr. Burney and his family.


[edit] Journal-diaries and The History of Caroline Evelyn
The first entry in her journal was made on 30 May 1768, addressed to "Miss Nobody," and it extended over seventy-two years. A talented storyteller with a strong sense of character, Burney often wrote these “journal-diaries” as a form of correspondence with family and friends, recounting to them events from her life and her observations upon them. Her diary contains the record of her extensive reading out of her father’s library, as well the visits and behavior of the various important artists who paid visits to their home. Frances and her sister Susanna were particularly close, and it was to this sister that Frances would correspond throughout her adult life, in the form of these journal-letters.

Burney was fifteen by the time her father remarried, in 1767. Entries in her diaries suggest that she was beginning to feel pressured to give up her writing, which was “unladylike” and “might vex Mrs. Allen”. [12] Feeling that she had transgressed what was proper, she set fire that same year to her first manuscript, The History of Caroline Evelyn, which she had written in secrecy. Despite this repudiation of writing, however, Frances did maintain her diaries and she wrote an account of the emotions that led to her dramatic act. She eventually recuperated some of the effort that went into the first manuscript by using it as a foundation for her first novel Evelina, which follows the life of the fictional Caroline Evelyn’s daughter.

In keeping with this sense of impropriety that Burney felt towards her own writing, she savagely edited earlier parts of her diaries in later life. Burney destroyed much of her own diary material in revising the manuscripts. Editors Lars Troide and Joyce Hemlow recovered some of this obscured material while researching their late twentieth-century editions of the journals and letters.


[edit] Evelina
Frances Burney’s first novel, Evelina or the History of a Young Lady’s Entrance into the World, was published anonymously in 1778, without her father’s knowledge or permission. Evelina was published by Thomas Lowndes, who voiced his interest after reading its first volume, agreeing to publish it upon receipt of the finished work. The novel was rejected by a previous publisher, Robert Dodsley, who refused to print an anonymous work. [13] Burney, who worked as her father's amanuensis, had copied the manuscript in a "disguised hand" to prevent any identification of the book with the Burneys, thinking that her own handwriting might be recognized by a publisher. It was unthinkable at the time that a young woman would deliberately put herself into the public eye by writing, and Burney’s second attempt to publish the work involved the collusion of her eldest brother, who posed as its author to Lowndes. Inexperienced at negotiating with a publisher, Burney only received twenty guineas as payment for the manuscript.

The novel was a critical success, receiving praise from respected individuals, including the statesman Edmund Burke, and literary critic Dr. Johnson. [14]It was admired for its comic view of wealthy English society, and for its realistic portrayal of working class London dialects. Burney’s father read public reviews of the novel before learning that the author was his own daughter. Although the act of publication was radical for a woman at that time and of her age, he was impressed by the favourable reactions to the book and largely supported her. Certainly, he saw social advantages to having a successful published writer in the family, and was pleased that Frances had achieved recognition through her work. [15]


[edit] Critical reception
Written in an epistolary style, Evelina portrays the English upper middle class from the perspective of a young seventeen-year-old woman who has reached marriageable age. A comic and witty novel, the work is ultimately a satire of the kind of oppressive masculine values that shaped a young woman’s life in the eighteenth century, as well as of other forms of social hypocrisy. [16] Encyclopaedia Britannica calls Evelina a "landmark in the development of the novel of manners”. [17]

In choosing to narrate the novel through a series of letters written by the protagonist, Burney made use of her own previous writing experience to recount the protagonist’s views and experiences to the reader. This tactic has won praise from critics, past and present, for the direct access to events and characters that it allows to the reader, and for the narrative sophistication that it demonstrates in reversing the roles of narrator and heroine. [18] The authors of Women in World History argue she draws attention to difficulties faced by women in the eighteenth century, especially surrounding questions of romance and marriage. [19] She is described as a “shrewd observer of her times and a clever recorder of its charms and its follies.” What critics have consistently found unique and interesting about her writing is the introduction and careful treatment of a female protagonist, complete with character flaws, “who must make her way in a hostile world”. These are recognizable as features of Jane Austen’s writing, and show Burney’s influence on the later author’s work.[20]

A testament to its popularity, the novel went through four editions before the end of its print run. In 1971 it was still considered a classic by the writers of Encyclopaedia Britannica, which stated that “addressed to the young, the novel has a quality perennially young”. [21]


[edit] Hester Thrale and Streatham
The novel brought Frances Burney to the attention of patron of the arts Hester Thrale, who invited the young author to visit her home in Streatham. The house was a centre for literary and political conversation, and though shy by nature, Frances impressed those she met, including Dr. Johnson, who would remain her friend and correspondent throughout the period of her visits, from 1779 – 1783. Mrs. Thrale wrote to Dr. Burney on July 22, stating that: "Mr. Johnson returned home full of the Prayes of the Book I had lent him, and protesting that there were passages in it which might do honour to Richardson: we talk of it for ever, and he feels ardent after the denouement; he could not get rid of the Rogue, he said." Dr. Johnson's best compliments were eagerly transcribed in Frances’ diary. Sojourns at Streatham were for months at a time, and on several occasions the guests, including Frances Burney, made trips to Brighton and to Bath. As with other notable events, these experiences appeared in letters to her family.[22]


[edit] The Witlings
In 1779, encouraged by the public’s warm reception of comic material in Evelina, and with offers of help from Arthur Murphy and Richard Brinsley Sheridan, Burney began to write a dramatic comedy called The Witlings.

The play satirized a wide segment of London Society, including the literary world and its pretensions. It takes particular aim at the women known as Bluestockings in the unflattering figure of Mrs. Smatter[23] The play tells the story of Celia and Beaufort, lovers kept apart by their families due to “economic insufficiency.” [24] Unfortunately, Frances was convinced by her father and by Samuel Crisp not to have it performed, because they had reservations about the propriety of a woman writing comedy.[25]


[edit] Cecilia
In 1782, she published Cecilia, or Memoirs of an Heiress, written partly at Chessington Hall and after much discussion with Mr. Crisp. The publishers, Messrs Payne & Cadell paid Frances £250 for her novel.

The plot of Cecilia revolves around the heroine, Cecilia Beverly, whose inheritance from her uncle comes with the stipulation that she find a husband who will accept her name. This proves impossible, given the social climate that she lives in, and she gives up her fortune to marry for love. The work received praise for the mature tone of its ironic third person narration, but was viewed as less spontaneous than her first work, and as weighed down by the author’s self-conscious awareness of her own audience [26]. Some critics claim to have found the narration intrusive, while some of her friends found the writing too closely modeled on Johnson's.[27] Edmund Burke greatly admired the novel, but moderated his praise with a criticism of the enormous array of characters and convoluted intertwined plots.[28]


[edit] The Royal Court
In 1775, Frances Burney turned down a marriage proposal from one Thomas Barlow, likely on the grounds of his inadequate wealth.[29] From 1782-85 She enjoyed the rewards of her successes as a novelist; she was received at fashionable literary gatherings throughout London. In 1781 Samuel Crisp died. In 1784, Dr. Johnson died, and that year also saw the failure of her romance with a young clergyman, George Owen Cambridge. She was 33 years old.

In 1785, thanks to her association with Mary Granville Delany, a woman known in both literary and royal circles, Frances traveled to the court of King George III and Queen Charlotte, where the Queen offered her the post of “Second Keeper of the Robes,” with a salary of £200 per annum. Frances hesitated in taking the office, not wishing to be separated from her family, and especially resistant to any employment that would restrict the free use of her time in writing.[30] However, unmarried at 34, she felt pressured to accept, and she thought that perhaps improved social status and an income would allow her greater freedom to write. [31] She accepted the post in 1786. She developed a warm relationship with the queen and princesses that lasted into her later years, yet her anxieties proved to be accurate: this position exhausted her and left her little time to write. She was unhappy and her feelings were intensified by a poor relationship with her superior Mrs. Schwellenburg, the Keeper of the Robes. She felt dominated by her superior who has been described as "a peevish old person of uncertain temper and impaired health, swaddled in the buckram of backstairs etiquette.”

During her years in court, Burney continued to produce her journals. To her friends and to Susanna, she recounted her life in court, as well as significant political events, including the public trial of Warren Hastings for “official misconduct in India.” She also recorded the speeches of Edmund Burke at the trial [32]. She was courted by an official of the royal household, Colonel Stephen Digby, but he eventually married another woman of greater wealth [33]. The disappointment, combined with the other frustrations of her office, contributed to her failing health at this time. In 1790 she prevailed on her father (whose own career had taken a new turn when he was appointed organist at Chelsea Hospital in 1783) to request that she be released from the post, which she was. She returned to her father’s house in Chelsea, but continued to receive a yearly pension of £100. She maintained a friendship with the royal family and received letters from the princesses from 1818 until 1840.[34]


[edit] Marriage
In 1790-91, Burney wrote four blank verse tragedies: Hubert de Vere, The Siege of Prevensey, and Elberta and Edwy and Elgiva. Only the last was performed, and it met with public failure, opening in London in March for one night.[35]

The French Revolution began in 1789 and Burney was among the many literate English figures who sympathized with its early ideals of equality and social justice.[36] Durning this period Frances became acquainted with a group of French exiles, known as “Constitutionalists,” who had fled to England in August 1792 and were living at Juniper Hall, near Mickleham, where Frances' sister Susanna lived. She quickly became close to Gen. Alexandre D'Arblay, an artillery officer who had been adjutant-general to La Fayette, a hero of the French Revolution whose political views lay between those of Royalist and of Republicans. D’Arblay taught her French and introduced her to the writer Germaine de Staël.

Her father disapproved of the alliance because of Alexandre’s poverty, his Catholicism, and his ambiguous social status as an émigré, but in spite of this, they were married on 28 July 1793. The same year she produced her pamphlet Brief Reflections relative to the Emigrant French Clergy. This short work was similar to other pamphlets produced by French sympathizers in England, calling for financial support for the revolutionary cause. It is noteworthy for the way that Burney employed her rhetorical skills in the name of tolerance and human compassion. On 18 December 1794, Frances gave birth to their son Alexander.


[edit] Camilla
The struggling young family was saved from poverty in 1796 by the publication of Frances’ “courtesy novel” Camilla, or a Picture of Youth, a story of frustrated love and impoverishment.[37] The first edition sold out; she made £1000 on the novel and sold the copyright for another £1000. This money was sufficient to allow them to build a house in Westhumble, which they called “Camilla Cottage.” Their life at this time was, by all accounts, a happy one, but the illness and death of Frances’ sister and close friend, Susanna overshadowed their contentment. She died in 1800, and her death brought an end to their life long correspondence that been the motive and basis for most of Burney’s journal writing (though later she did write again at the request of her husband, for the benefit of her son).[38]

1797 – 1801 she wrote three unpublished comedies: Love and Fashion; A Busy Day; and The Woman Hater. The latter is partially a reworking of themes from The Witlings, but with the satiric elements softened and more emphasis on reforming characters’ negative traits. The play retains one of the central characters, the Lady Smatter – who was perceived as a comic rendering of a Bluestocking type of literary woman. All of the other characters differ.


[edit] Life in France: revolution and illness
In 1801 d'Arblay was offered service with the government of Napoleon Bonapart in France, and in 1802 Burney and her son followed him to Paris, where they expected to remain for a year. The outbreak of the war between France and England overtook their visit, and they remained for ten years altogether. Although the conditions of their time in France left her isolated from her family, Burney was supportive of her husband’s decision to move to Passay, near Paris.

In 1811, Burney developed breast cancer and underwent a mastectomy without anesthetic. She wrote a first person account of this experience in her diaries, and it remains one of the most compelling early accounts of the illness and its difficult treatment.[39] She returned to England 1812 to visit her ailing father and to avoid having young Alexander’s conscription to the French army, while still in recovery from her own illness.

Charles Burney died in 1814. In 1815, Napoleon escaped Elba. D’Arblay was then employed with the King’s guard, and he became involved in the military actions that followed. After her father’s death, Burney joined her wounded husband at Treves, and together they returned to Bath in England. Burney wrote an account of this experience and of her Paris years in her Waterloo Journal, written between 1818 and 1832. D’Arblay was rewarded with the position of lieutenant general but died shortly afterwards of cancer, in 1818.


[edit] The Wanderer and Memoirs of Dr. Burney
Burney published her fourth novel, The Wanderer or Female Difficulties a few days prior to Charles Burney’s death. Described as “a story of love and misalliance set in the French Revolution,” the piece criticized the English treatment of foreigners during the war years.[40] She made £1500 on its first run, but the work disappointed her followers who expected an amusing account of life in French society, and it did not go into a second printing. Critics felt that it lacked the insight that her earlier novels possessed; however, its publication met her immediate needs, bringing her sufficient income to avoid poverty[41].

After her husband’s death, Burney then moved to London to be nearer to her son, who was a fellow at Christ College.[42] As homage to her father, she gathered and published, in three volumes, the Memoirs of Doctor Burney in 1832. The memoirs were written in a laudatory style, praising her father's accomplishments and character, and she cannibalized many of her own personal writings from years before in order to produce them. Always protective of her father and the family’s reputation, she deliberately destroyed evidence of facts that were painful or unflattering, and was soundly criticized by her contemporaries and later by historians for doing so.[43] Otherwise, she lived essentially in retirement, outliving her son, who died in 1837, and her sister Charlotte Broom, who died in 1838. Burney was visited in Bath by younger members of the Burney family, who found her a fascinating storyteller with a talent for imitating the personalities that she described.[44] She continued to write to her family often.

Frances Burney died on 6 January 1840. She was buried with her son and her husband in Walcot Cemetery, in Bath, and a gravestone was later erected in the churchyard of St Swithin's Church across the road.


[edit] List of works

[edit] Fiction
The History of Caroline Evelyn, (ms. destroyed by author, 1767.)
Evelina: Or The History of A Young Lady's Entrance into the World, London: Thomas Lowndes, 1778.
Cecilia: Or, Memoirs of an Heiress, 1782.
Camilla: Or, A Picture of Youth, 1796.
The Wanderer: Or, Female Difficulties, London: Longmans, 1814.

[edit] Nonfiction
Brief Reflections Relative to the French Emigrant Clergy, 1793.
Memoirs of Doctor Burney, London: Moxon, 1832.

[edit] Journals and letters
The Early Diary of Frances Burney 1768-1778, (2 vols.) ed. Annie Raine Ellis. London: 1889.
The Diary and Letters of Madame D'Arblay, ed. Austin Dobson. Macmillan, 1904.
The Diary of Fanny Burney, ed. Lewis Gibbs. Everyman; Dent, 1971.
Dr. Johnson & Fanny Burney, (HTML at Virginia) by Fanny Burney. Ed. Chauncy Brewster Tinker. London: Jonathan Cape, 1912.
The Journal and Letters of Fanny Burney (Madame D'Arblay) 1791-1840, (12 vols.) Vols. I-VI, ed. Joyce Hemlow, with Patricia Boutilier and Althea Douglas; Vol. VII, eds. Edward A. and Lillian D. Bloom; Vol. VIII, ed. Peter Hughes; Vols. IX-X, ed. Warren Derry; Vols. XI-XII, ed. Joyce Hemlow with Althea Douglas and Patricia Hawkins. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1972-1984.

[edit] Plays
The Witlings, 1779, (satiric comedy). http://www.pseudopodium.org/repress/witlings/index.html
Edwy and Elgiva, 1790, (verse tragedy). Produced at Drury Lane, 21 March 1795.
Hubert de Vere, 1788-91? (verse tragedy).
The Siege of Pevensey, 1788-91? (verse tragedy).
Elberta, (fragment) 1788-91? (verse tragedy).
Love and Fashion, 1799, (satiric comedy).
The Woman Hater, 1800-1801, (satiric comedy).
A Busy Day, 1800-1801, (satiric comedy).

[edit] References
Adelstein, Michael E. Fanny Burney. New York: Twayne Publishers Inc., 1968.
“Burney, Fanny, 1752-1840,” Literature Online biography. Bell & Howell Information and Learning Company (2000). University of New Brunswick, Fredericton N.B. Dec 3, 2006.
Commire, Anne and Deborah Klezmer. Women in World History: a biographical
encyclopedia. Waterford, Ct: Yorkin Publications, 1999-2002.

Devlin, D.D. The Novels and Journals of Frances Burney. Hampshire: Macmillan Press Ltd., 1987.
Doody, Margaret Anne. Frances Burney: The Life in The Works. New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 1988.
Epstein, Julia. The Iron Pen: Frances Burney and the Politics of Women’s Writing. Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press, 1989.
Simons, Judy. Diaries and Journals of Literary Women from Fanny Burney to Virginia Woolfe. Hampshire: Macmillan Press Ltd., 1990.
Stepankowsky, Paula. “Frances Burney d”Arblay” [1]
Encyclopaedia Britannica. Vol 4. Chicago, London: Encyclopedia Britannica Inc, 1971.
The Bloomsbury Guide to Women’s Literature. Ed. Claire Buck. London, New York: Prentice Hall, 1992.