Ted Hughes

Edward James Hughes OM (17 August 1930 – 28 October 1998) was an English poet and children's writer, known as Ted Hughes. Critics routinely rank him as one of the best poets of his generation.[1] Hughes was British Poet Laureate from 1984 until his death.

Ted Hughes was married from 1956 to 1963 to the American poet Sylvia Plath, who committed suicide in 1963 at the age of 30. His part in the relationship became controversial, particularly to some feminists and (particularly) US admirers of Plath, who even accused him of murder.[2] Hughes himself never publicly entered the debate, but his last poetic work, Birthday Letters (1998), explored their complex relationship, and to many, put him in a significantly better light.[3]

In 2003 he was portrayed by British actor Daniel Craig in Sylvia, a biographical film of Sylvia Plath.

Early life
Ted Hughes was born on August 17, 1930 at number 1, Aspinal Street, in Mytholmroyd, West Yorkshire and raised among the local farms in the area. According to Hughes, "My first six years shaped everything".[4] When Hughes was seven, his family moved to Mexborough, South Yorkshire, where they ran a newsagents and tobacco shop. He also had a brother, Gerald, who was ten years older than him, as well as a sister, Olwyn, two years older.[citation needed]


[edit] Personal life
Hughes studied English, anthropology and archaeology at Pembroke College, Cambridge. At this time his first published poetry appeared in the journal he started with fellow students, St. Botolph's Review, and at a party to launch the magazine he met Sylvia Plath. He and Plath married on June 16, 1956, four months after they had first met.

A year later, the couple moved to the United States, settling in western Massachusetts. Hughes and Plath worked as visiting writers at University of Massachusetts Amherst and Smith College, respectively. After spending time in Boston, they returned to England in October 1959, moving first to London, then to Devon in 1961 (Court Green, North Tawton).

Hughes and Plath had two children, but separated in the autumn of 1962, though he continued to live at Court Green irregularly, with his lover Assia Wevill, after Plath's death on February 11, 1963, but the relationship eventually lost its lustre for him, and he became involved with other women. As Plath's widower, Hughes became the executor of Plath’s personal and literary estates. He oversaw the publication of her manuscripts, including Ariel (1966). He also claimed to have destroyed the final volume of Plath’s journal, detailing their last few months together. In his foreword to The Journals of Sylvia Plath, he defends his actions as a consideration for the couple's young children.

Six years after Plath's suicide by gas stove, on March 25, 1969, Assia Wevill committed suicide after murdering Shura (her four-year old daughter by Hughes), in the same way as Plath had done; Alexandra Tatiana Elise, nicknamed Shura, had been born on March 3, 1965.

In August 1970, Hughes married Carol Orchard, a nurse. They remained together despite his many affairs over the years, until his death. He received the Order of Merit from Queen Elizabeth II just before he died.

Ted Hughes continued to live at the house in Devon, until his fatal heart attack on October 28, 1998, while undergoing treatment for colon cancer. His funeral was held at North Tawton church, and he was cremated at Exeter, with the ashes scattered on Dartmoor, near Cranmere Pool (by special Royal permission).

Seamus Heaney, speaking at Ted Hughes' funeral, in North Tawton on November 3rd, 1998, said:

“ No death outside my immediate family has left me feeling more bereft. No death in my lifetime has hurt poets more. He was a tower of tenderness and strength, a great arch under which the least of poetry's children could enter and feel secure. His creative powers were, as Shakespeare said, still crescent. By his death, the veil of poetry is rent and the walls of learning broken.[5] ”

A memorial walk from the Devon village of Belstone to Hughes' memorial stone above the River Taw was inaugurated in 2005 on land belonging to the Duchy of Cornwall.[6] The granite memorial is somewhat controversial locally - according to some sources, it was airlifted into place on the moors using Prince Charles' helicopter, an honour not afforded to any other Devon figure.[7]


[edit] Writings
Hughes' earlier poetic work is rooted in nature and, in particular, the innocent savagery of animals, an interest from an early age. Tennyson's phrase "nature, red in tooth and claw" could have been written for Hughes. He is acutely aware the mixture of beauty and violence in the natural world, and writes of it with fascination, fear and awe. He finds in animals a metaphor for his view on life: animals live out a struggle for the survival of the fittest in the same way that humans strive for ascendancy and success. A classic example is Hawk Roosting.

His later work is deeply reliant upon myth and the bardic tradition, heavily inflected with a modernist, existential and satirical viewpoint. Hughes' first collection, Hawk in the Rain (1957) attracted considerable critical acclaim. In 1959 he won the Galbraith prize which brought $5000. His most significant work is perhaps Crow (1970), which whilst it has been widely acclaimed also divided critics, combining an apocalyptic, bitter, cynical and surreal view of the universe with what appears to be simple, sometimes (superficially) badly constructed verse. Tales from Ovid (1997) contains a selection of free verse translations from Ovid's Metamorphoses. In Birthday Letters, Hughes broke his silence on Plath, detailing aspects of their life together and his own behaviour at the time. The cover artwork was by their daughter Frieda.

In addition to poetry, Hughes wrote classical opera librettos and children's books. One of these, The Iron Man, was written to comfort his children after Sylvia Plath's suicide. It later became the basis of Pete Townshend's rock opera of the same name, and the animated film The Iron Giant. Hughes was appointed as Poet Laureate in 1984 following the death of John Betjeman. It was later known that Hughes was second choice for the appointment after Philip Larkin, the preferred nominee, declined, because of ill health and writer's block. Hughes served in this position until his death in 1998. His definitive 1333-page Collected Poems (Faber & Faber) appeared in 2003.


[edit] Bibliography
Poetry

1957 — The Hawk in the Rain
1960 — Lupercal
1967 — Wodwo
1967 — Recklings
1970 — Crow
1977 — Gaudete
1979 — Moortown Diary
1979 — Remains of Elmet (with photographs by Fay Godwin)
1983 — River
1986 — Flowers and Insects
1989 — Wolfwatching
1992 — Rain-charm for the Duchy
1994 — New Selected Poems 1957-1994
1997 — Tales from Ovid
1998 — Birthday Letters — winner of the 1998 Forward Poetry Prize for best collection, the 1998 T. S. Eliot Prize, and the 1999 British Book of the Year award.
2003 — Collected Poems
Anthologies edited by Hughes

Selected Poems of Emily Dickinson
Selected Poems of Sylvia Plath
Selected Verse of Shakespeare
A Choice of Coleridge's Verse
Oedipus by Seneca (translation)
Spring Awakening by Wedekind (translation)
Blood Wedding by Lorca (translation)
Phedre by Racine (translation)
Alcestis by Euripides (translation)
The Rattle Bag (edited with Seamus Heaney) ISBN 057111976X.
The School Bag (edited with Seamus Heaney)
By Heart: 101 Poems to Remember
The Mays
Prose

A Dancer to God
Shakespeare and the Goddess of Complete Being
Winter Pollen: Occasional Prose
Difficulties of a Bridegroom
Poetry in the Making
Books for Children

How the Whale Became
Meet my Folks!
The Earth Owl and Other Moon-people
Nessie the Mannerless Monster
The Coming of the Kings
The Iron Man
Moon Whales
Season Songs
Under the North Star
Ffangs the Vampire Bat and the Kiss of Truth
Tales of the Early World
The Iron Woman
The Dreamfighter and Other Creation Tales
Collected Animal Poems: Vols. 1-4
The Mermaid's Purse
The Cat and the Cuckoo

[edit] Compositions with words by Ted Hughes
Paul Crabtree: Songs at Year's End. Vier Gesänge nach Gedichten von Ted Hughes. for five-part mixed choir a cappella. Berlin 2006. (There came a Day; The Seven Sorrows; Snow and Snow; The Warm and the Cold) http://www.berliner-chormusik-verlag.de/

[edit] References
^ Daily Telegraph, April 2004 - Philip Hensher reviews Collected Works of Ted Hughes, plus other reviews
^ Ted Hughes: A Talented Murderer: Guardian journalist Nadeem Azam, writing in 1Lit.com, 2006
^ Middlebrook, D. Her Husband: Ted Hughes and Sylvia Plath, A Marriage. London, Penguin: 2003.
^ Ted Hughes: Timeline. Retrieved on 2006-08-22.
^ Centre for Ted Hughes Studies - Ted Hughes timeline
^ BBC Devon - Ted Hughes Trail
^ BBC Devon - Ted Hughes memorial